Honoring the Dead

Honoring the Dead

Homo heidelbergensis

The practice of paying respect to a
deceased person through specific rituals

It is difficult to pinpoint when the idea of honoring the dead began. There is some evidence to show that Homo heidelbergensis (who existed between 600,000 and 400,000 years ago) were the first proto-humans to bury their dead. Whether they honored their dead
Or ascribed some kind of spiritual aspect to the burial process is unknown, however. There are hUman burial sites from about 130,000 years ago that Show more convincing evidence that those performing the burial intended to remember or honor the deceased, through the position of the body, the inclusion of items such as tools and animal bones with the body, and the addition of decorative elements to the tomb. This suggestion of ritual in the burial process could indicate that it was
one of the first forms of religious practice.

In some cultures or traditions, honoring the deadis an ongoing practice in which deceased relatives or ancestors are viewed as having a continued presence among, or influence over, the living. in others, the traditions that honor the dead occur immediately after , someone’s death, or at various times throughout the year. Honoring the dead is not necessarily a religious tradition, though many religions have specific and
extensive rituals for the practice.

Honoring the dead is a near-universal practice that exists across geographical, cultural, and religious boundaries. The shared rituals involved in the custom
provide a social bond in societies, and a way to link the deceased with the living. These elements are strongly
present in many religious rituals, often forming the basis of individual, and cultural, identities.

"Our dead are never dead to us, "until we have forgotten them.”
George Eliot, Philosopher

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Beginning of Clothing - Evolution of Human on Earth | Arvind Mathiyalagan

Garments,fabrics, or other coverings worn by humans over their bodies
The materials that eary humans used to create the first do thing were probaby those the yfoundaround them, such as plable gases, plant leaves, and animal skins.Because these materials decomposes easly it is dificult to determine when humans frs created clothing.Researches studying human ice have suggested that dothing could have become widespread as early as 650000 years ago, while other studies suggest an origin of about 17000 years ago.These time periods corespond to either the beginning or the end of an ice Age indicating that clothing may have first developed as a way of coping with colder climates.

The first items of clothing were most probably fairly crude in their construction, draped around the body and tied with sinew.The development of the needle
around 35000 years ago by Homo sapiens alowed the creation of more complex clothing- garments that could be layered and tailored to fit certain parts of the body, I has been hypothesized that this technology mayhave been what enabled Homosapiens to flourish as a species over the Neanderthals, who were more adapted to the cold biologicaly and thus did not have the impetus to refine the cutting and sewing techniques that were needed for warmer clothes Athough clothing may have been created out of necesty initialy, it has since become farmore than a means of adaptation to the environment.Throughout history it has been used to protect a weare from the elements, but also as a way to convey nonverbal information, such as signaling differences in wealth class,sex or membership of a particular group.

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Human eats Human's Flesh | Cannibalism | Humans evolution of Earth | Arvind Mathiyalagan

The practice of humans eating the flesh of other humans. The earliest evidence of Cannibalism comes from butchered bones found in the Grand Dolina Cave in Spain, dating back to c. 800,000 BCE. These bones suggest that the practice existed among members of western Europe's first known human Species, Homo antecessor, and similar findings from later periods show that it continued with the emergence of Homo sapiens and other hominid species. There are several theories as to why cannibalism first arose: one hypothesis suggests that it may have been a result of
food shortages; another that it may have functioned as a form of predator control, by limiting predators' access
to(and therefore taste for) human bodies
Cannibalism persisted into modern times in
Westand_Central Africa, the Pacific Islands, Australia,Sumatra, North America, and South America. In some Cultures, human flesh was regarded as just another type of meat, In others, it was a delicacy for special occasions: the Maoris of New Zealand would feast on enemies slain in battle. In Africa, Certain human Organs
were cooked in rites of sorcery because witch doctors believed that victims' Strengths and virtues Could be transfered to those who ate their flesh. In central
America, the Aztecs are thought to have Sacificed
prisoners of war to their gods and then eaten their flesh themselves. Australian Aborigines ate their deceased relatives (endocannibalism) as a mark of respect.
The Colonization of these regions between the fifteenth and nineteenth Centuries by European Christians made cannibalism taboo However, it occasionally still occurs in extreme Circumstances.

"I ate his liver with some fava beans and
nice chianti"
-Thomas Harris, The silence of the Lambs (1988)

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Human Control of Fire | Human's evolution on Earth - 1 | Arvind Mathiyalagan

Controlling fire has been a hallmark of human Culture since before the existence of modern Homo sapiens Early people obtained fire from natural sources,
later developing a variety of methods to create fire artificially, The ability to create, control, and use fire remains essential to human civilization,The first exposure that early humans had to fire most likely came from wild fires and forest fires Sparked by lightning.While destructive and potentially deadly they provided early access to the tool, although it was not a force that people could control, much less create at
will.There is evidence to show that as early as 1.6 million years ago Homo erectus groups had harnessed fire to some extent, and by 4000 to 250000 BCE there is clear evidence that Homo erectus could Control and perhaps even Create it By 125000 BCE, well after the emergence of modern Homo sapiens, human use, control, and Creation of fire were wide spread and common. Humanity's mastery of fire had an immediate and profound impact on its evolution. Fire gave people
protection from wild animals, allowed them to illuminate the darkness, gave warmth to fend of the cold, enhanced their abilty to fashion tools, gave them
the ability to cook food, and served as an effective deterrent against insects and pests, Fire was so useful in the preparation of food that humans became the only animal that could nutritionally thrive by eating cooked but not raw food. Fire's importance in culture is so marked that the word itself became a ubiquitous metaphor used to describe ideas such as romantic love conflict, destruction, and intense desire.

"Fire,though it may be quenched, will not become cool"
-Ovid,Ancient Rome Poet.

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3 Strange peoples Stories | Still Vampires are Alive | Tamil | Arvind Mathiyalagan

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CMB-Cauvery Management Board :: காவிரி மேலான்மை வாரியம்

What is the Cauvery Management Board?

The Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal mandated the establishment of the Cauvery Management Board to ensure implementation of and compliance with its 2007 final order on
the sharing of the river waters, mainly between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, but also with Kerala and Puducherry. The board is a permanent body under the Union Ministry of Water Resources.
Who are on the Board?
The CMB is to consist of a full-time Chairman and two members to be appointed by the Centre. The Chairman's post must be held by an Irrigation Engineer of the rank of Chief Engineer, with not less than 20 years' experience in water resources management.
Of the two full-time Members, one has to be an Irrigation Engineer not below the rank of Chief Engineer, with field experience in the operation of reservoirs and management, maintenance and operation of large irrigation projects of not less than 15-years.
The second member must be an agriculture expert of repute, especially in Agronomy, with not less than 15 years' in the field.
The tenure of the chairman and the two members is to be for three years, extendable to five years.
Two representatives of the Central Government of the rank of Chief Engineer/Commissioner are to be nominated by the Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Agriculture respectively. They would be part-time Members of the Board.
A representative each of the state governments of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Pondicherry (now, Puducherry) are to be nominated by the respective governments as part-time members of the Board.
The state representatives should be Irrigation Engineers of the rank of Chief Engineer.
The Board will also have a Secretary, who is to be an Irrigation Engineeer not below the rank of a Director/Superintending Engineer, not belonging to any state party to the dispute.

What are the powers of the members?
As per the Cauvery Tribunal's stipulation, six members shall form quorum at the Board's meetings and the concurrence of the majority is necessary for the transaction of the business of the board. The members shall have equal powers.
The Board is to determine where its headquarters would be located after consultation with the states and with the approval of the Government of India.
The Chairman of the Board can invite representatives from the Central Water Commission, National Institute of Hydrology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and/or any other agency, including universities, as special invitees to attend the Board meeting
or otherwise in carrying out the functions specified under this scheme.

How will the Board function?
The Board is to set up a well-designed communication network in the Cauvery basin for transmission of data and a computerised control room for data processing to determine the hydrological conditions, including distress, if any. This work may be entrusted by the Board to the Central Water Commission (CWC) or any other Central/State government organization.
The CWC is to establish additional gauging stations as required at feasible sites at/near the border of Kerala and Karnataka, where Kabini and its tributaries enter Karnataka so as to monitor inflows from Kerala. The Cauvery Management Board is to also set-up its machinery and devise methods to determine the quantum of unutilised water to be received from Kerala by Tamil Nadu through Kabini and its tributaries, and ensure delivery in Tamil Nadu at the common border.
The Regulatory Authority will also monitor flows from the Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) reservoir as also from Kabini and other tributaries meeting the Cauvery below the KRS up to the Billigundulu site.
The Cauvery Management Board will monitor the situation with the help of the Cauvery Regulation Committee and the state authorities.

The area of focus will be the available storage position in the Cauvery basin, along with the trend of rainfall and will make an assessment about the likely inflows which may be available for distribution amongst the party states within the overall schedule of water deliveries.
In case of deficiency in water availability during any month as reported by the Board's regulation committee, the Board will consider reduction in the indent of the parties in proportion to the quantities allocated to each State by the Tribunal for the designated crops.

What data can the board seek?
The Board has to ensure that the states construct proper Hydraulic structures at all important anecut sites in the basin, with provision of appropriate regulation mechanism, besides regular monitoring of the withdrawals at such diversion structures on the part of the state. The Board may direct states to furnish data in respect of carry-over storage in reservoirs, including inflows and outflows, rainfall data, the area irrigated and water utilised.
The Board has to arrange collection of data for important rain gauge stations maintained by IMD/CWC/states in the Cauvery basin, as also inflow data measured at important nodal points on the Cauvery river system through the Cauvery Regulation Committee, which will suitably compile the rainfall data for different monsoon seasons along with the inflows measured at different sites.
What is the role of the board at the reservoirs?
The following important reservoirs in the basin: Banasurasagar in Kerala; Hemavathy, Harangi, Kabini and Krishnarajasagara in Karnataka, and Lower Bhavani, Amaravathy and Mettur in Tamil Nadu are to be operated in an integrated manner by the states concerned under the overall guidance of the Cauvery Management Board for each 10-day period throughout the year to meet the seasonal water requirements of the various states for irrigation, hydro-power generation, domestic and industrial uses, etc., and the remaining quantities of the surplus water conserved as far as possible and spillage of water reduced to the minimum.

What are the guidelines for the Cauvery Management Board to follow?
As it is not possible for the Board to forecast the nature of the monsoon, the Board at the beginning of the water year i.e. first June each year, would determine the total residual storage in the specified reservoirs. Again, it is not possible to know the amount of season-wise river flows which will be available during a season; it will be assumed that the inflows will be according to 50% dependable year (yield 740 tmcft). The share of each state will be determined on the basis of the flows so assumed, together with the available carry over storage in the reservoirs.
The withdrawals will be allowed during the first time interval of 10 days of the season on the basis of the share worked out for each state, limited to the water requirements during the same period indicated by each state by placing an indent of water demand with the Cauvery Water Regulation Committee.

What formula will board follow in distress years?
The month of June would be crucial because the irrigation season starts from June 1, as also the normal date of the onset of the southwest monsoon in Kerala. As such, any delay in the onset of southwest monsoon would affect the inflows, and consequently schedule of releases from Krishnarajasagara and Kabini reservoirs. The Tribunal has advised the states and the Board to ensure that by the end of May each year, as much water be stored and conserved as possible.
However, if there are two consecutive bad years, it would cause distress, which will have to be appropriately tackled by the Cauvery Management Board by relaxing the schedule of deliveries and getting the reservoirs operated in an integrated manner through the states concerned to minimise any harsh effect of a bad monsoon year.
In view of such practical difficulties, the Board will have the liberty to alter monthly and/or 10-day schedules of releases, while making an effort to meet the seasonal allocations for the crop as far as possible, in consultation with the states.

What if states do not cooperate?
The Board or any Member or any representative will have the power to enter upon any land or property upon which any hydraulic structure or any work of gauging or measuring device has been or is being constructed, operated or maintained by any agency in the Cauvery
basin for the purpose of implementing the decision of the Tribunal, or to construct or make direction to construct additional gauging stations to the states concerned with the assistance of the Centre and the Central Water Commission for implementing the decision of the
Tribunal.
If the Board finds that if any government -- Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Puducherry -- does not co-operate, it can seek the help of the central government.
If any delay/shortfall is caused in release of water on account of default by any state, the Board will take appropriate action to make good the deficiency by subsequently deducting indented releases of that state.

Who will pay for the expenses?
The Board is empowered to frame its own rules for the conduct of its business. All expenses of the Board (including salary and other expenses of the Chairman and independent Members) are to be borne by the state governments of Kerala - 15%; Karnataka - 40%, Tamil Nadu - 40%; and Union Territory of Pondicherry - 5%.
The expenses pertaining to a Member representing a state are to be borne by that state. The cost of maintaining, operating and controlling of gauges and other hydrological systems for communicating the data are to be borne by the state concerned. The cost of construction and maintenance of the storages, power installations, diversion works, head-works and canal networks are to be borne wholly by the state in whose territory the works are located.

Article Preparation:

Director of GAAMA Foundations

Er.M.A.Arvind

(Source:Wiki,One India,CMB-tn)

NEET- Review

NEET- National Eligibility Entrance Test

The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test or NEET-UG is an entrance examination in India, for students who wish to study any graduate medical course (MBBS/ dental course (BDS) or postgraduate course (MD / MS) in government or private medical colleges in India.NEET-UG (Undergraduate), for MBBS and BDS courses, are conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) which also conducts NEET-SS in partnership with Prometric Testing Pvt Ltd headquartered in the USA. NEET-UG replaced the All India Pre Medical Test (AIPMT) and all individual MBBS exams conducted by states or colleges themselves in 2013. However, many colleges and institutes had taken a stay order and conducted private examinations for admission to their MBBS and BDS courses.

History

NEET was initially proposed to take place from 2012 onwards. However, for several reasons, the CBSE and Medical Council of India deferred NEET by a year.The test was announced by the Government of India and was held for the first time on 5 May 2013 across India for students seeking admission for both Undergraduate and Postgraduate Medicine.On 18 July 2013, SC gave the decision in favour of 115 petitions and cancelled the NEET exam and announced that MCI could not interfere with the admission process done by colleges.
Following the announcement from the Medical Council of India that it would introduce the NEET-UG exam in 2012, several states including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu strongly opposed the change, stating that there was a huge variation in the syllabus proposed by the MCI and their state syllabi. Even though, NEET 2016 is conducted in English and Hindi, it is announced that students can write exams in Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Assamese and Gujarati languages from 2017 onwards. Kannada, Odia languages are added to the list, so that students can write the exams in nine Indian languages and English^. The Supreme Court of India quashed the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) for admissions into all medical and dental colleges on 18 July 2013. The apex court ruled that the Medical Council of India cannot conduct a unified examination.
According to a 2013 announcement by CBSE, CBSE planned to conduct AIPMT on 4 May 2014. The final decision on NEET UG was planned to be taken after the verdict of the Supreme Court of India.
The Central Board of Secondary Education announces the results and the All India Merit List for NEET-UG. The merit list and the wait-list are prepared as per the directives of the Supreme Court of India, DGHS, MCI and DCI. The results for 2013 were announced on 5 June.
NEET was declared illegal and unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India in 2013. However, it was restored on April 11 2016, after a five-judge Constitution bench recalled the earlier verdict and allowed the Central Government and the Medical Council of India (MCI) to implement the common entrance test until the court decides afresh on its validity.

NEET Cut off 2017

NEET cutoff can be distinguished as qualfying cutoff and cutoff for admissions. The NEET 2017 qualifying cut off is the minimum qualifying marks required to pass the entrance exam. The admission cut off of NEET 2017 is different as it is the minimum score that is determined to screen the admissions to the various medical seats offered across the country. This NEET cut off depends on many factors such as number of applicants, difficulty level of the exam and marking scheme etc. The NEET cutoff 2017 for admission will vary from state to state and for each category of students Candidates can check below for the qualifying cut off score of NEET 2017 as prescribed for their categories:

NEET 2017 Cut off Score

S.No	Category	Cut off percentile
1	Unreserved	50th
2	OBC	40th
3	SC	40th
4	ST	40th
5	PwD	45th

 EET 2017 Score = correct answers x 4 - incorrect answers x 1

NEET Eligibility Criteria 2017

Candidates who wish to appear in NEET 2017 can check below for the eligibility criteria as declared by the CBSE. Candidates who will fail to meet the requirements will not be considered for admission under any circumstance:

• Candidate must be an Indian National,Overseas Citizen of India, Non Resident Indian, Foreign National and Person of Indian Origin (PIO).
• Candidates must be atleast 17 years of age at the time of admission or will complete the age as on before December 31, 2017.
• There will be no maximum age limit for NEET 2017 as per the SC order passed on March 31, 2017.
• CBSE has clarified that cap on three attempts is there. However, NEET 2017 will be treated as first attempt for all candidates irrespective of attempts taken by them in previous years.
• Candidates must have appeared/qualified Class 12th exam with Physics, Chemistry and Biology/Biotechnology (PCB), Mathematics or any other elective subject with English at a level not less than the core course for English as prescribed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).
• Candidates belonging to General category must have secured at least 50% marks in PCB. However, SC/ST/OBC candidates have to obtain a minimum of 40% marks in PCB.
• Candidates who have passed the B.Sc examination of an Indian University with not less than 2 of these subjects - Physics, Chemistry, Biology (Botany and Zoology)/Biotechnology.